From: Initiating pollen sensitization – complex source, complex mechanisms
Plant family | Plant species | Epithelium | DCs | Neutrophil and eosinophil activation/attraction | Increased reactivity in SPT | Enhanced IgE production by B cells | Airway inflammation | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barrier permeability | IL-8 secretion | Maturation | CD1d upregulation for interaction with NKT cells | Inhibition of LPS-induced IL-12 secretion | Notch ligands regulation | Inhibition of endosomal cathepsin proteases | |||||||
Tree | Betulaceae | White birch (Betula verrucosa | LMW fraction [95] | PPE1 [120] | PALMs [49] | ||||||||
Cupressaceae | Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) | Lipids [128] | |||||||||||
Oleaceae | Olive tree (Olea europaea) | Lipids [127] | |||||||||||
Grass | Poaceae | Timothy grass (Phleum pratense) | Adenosine [138] | Flavonoid isorham-netin [138] | Gram-positive bacteria [126] | Phospholipids [50] | |||||||
Poaceae | Orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata) | Plant virus [123] | |||||||||||
Weed | Asteraceae | Short ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) | Adenosine [116] | PPE1 [137] | Adenosine [116] |