Fig. 3

Microbiota composition and diversity after interventions and according to stool zonulin levels. Redundancy discriminant analysis (RDA) to divide probands into groups according to high or low zonulin group and intervention over all samples (a), Discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) plot (b), alpha diversity according to high or low zonulin group and intervention over all samples, Shannon index (c) and Chao1 (d), linear discriminant analysis (LDA) combined with effect size measurements (LeFSe) revealed specific bacterial groups at OTU level related to the low zonulin level group at baseline (e) and after gluten intervention (f). 0, baseline, 1, after intervention with gluten, 2–6, after intervention with gluten and different cofactors, 2, proton pump inhibitor, 3, acetyl salicylic acid, 4, alcohol, 5, aerobic exercise, 6, anaerobic exercise, OTU operational taxonomic unit