Endotype-driven treatment in chronic upper airway diseases

Table 1 Potential diagnostic biomarkers

Endotypes	Allergic rhinitis	Idiopathic rhinitis	Infectious rhinitis	CRSwNP	CRSsNP
*Type 2 inflammation*
Serum	Eosinophils* Total IgE Specific IgE ECP*			Eosinophils* Total IgE* IgE/SE-IgE* ECP*
Nasal fluids	Total/specific IgE* IL-5* IL-4, IL-13* Eosinophils*			Total/specific IgE* IL-5* IL4, IL-13 ECP/MPO ratio* ECP*
*Non-* *type 2 inflammation*
Nasal lavage/fluids			IL-1P, IL-6, IL-8, MPO IFNγ TNFα		IL-1P, IL-6, IL-8, MPO* IFNγ* IL-17, IL-22, TNFα*
Nasal biopsy			Neutrophils		Neutrophils
*Neurogenic endotype*
Nasal fluids		SP
Nasal biopsy		TRPV1
*Barrier dysfunction*
Nasal biopsy	↓TER		↓TER	↓TER
Nasal biopsy	↓TJ		↓TJ	↓TJ	↓TJ

ECP eosinophilic cationic protein; MPO myeloperoxidase; TER transepithelial resistance; TJ tight junctions; TRPV1 transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V receptor 1
* Also detectable in nasal biopsies

ISSN: 2045-7022