Table 1 Summary of immunosenescence features

Neutrophils

Reduced phagocytosis

Reduced reactive oxygen species production

Defect in apoptotic cell death

Eosinophils

Reduced degranulation

Reduced superoxide production

Mast cells

Reduced degranulation

Dysregulations in function

Monocytes/macrophages

Reduced phagocytosis

Reduced cytokine and chemokine secretion

Reduced generation of nitric oxide and superoxide

Dendritic cells

Reduced phagocytosis and pinocytosis

Increased IL-6 and TNF-alfa production

Diminished TLR expression and function

Dysregulations in function

T cells

Reduced response and proliferation

Reduced CD28 expression

Reduced TCR diversity

Reduced signal transduction

Dysregulations in function

B cells

Production of low-affinity antibodies

Increased oligoclonal expansion

Decline in serum total IgE values

Reduced surface MHC class II molecule expression

Dysregulations in function

Epitelial cells

Impaired production of cytokines

Decreased clearance of particles

NK cells and NKT cells

Reduced numbers or increased in several tissues

Reduced cytotoxicity and proliferation