From: Respiratory diseases and allergy in farmers working with livestock: a EAACI position paper
Substance | Method of determination |
---|---|
Allergens | Antibody-based assays (sandwich) ELISA |
Bacteria and Vira | Viable sampling, microscopic analysis of samples, Non culture-based microbiological markers or surrogate markers such as endotoxin (Gram negatives), muramic acid (Gram positives) DNA or RNA based molecular methods ranging from qPCR to 16S microbiome or full metagenomic analysis C |
Endotoxin | Classical “LAL-test” (kinetic chromogenic test) or recombinant factor C assay |
Beta(1 → 3) glucan | Factor G pathway of the LAL-test or poly-/monoclonal antibody assays (ELISA) |
Pyrogenic activity | Whole blood assay (outcome: IL-1β, IL-6 release) |
Moulds | Cultivation of fungi Non culture-based microbiological marker Surrogate markers like ergosterol or extra-cellular polysaccharides specific for Pen/Asp (EPS) DNA or RNA based molecular methods ranging from qPCR to ITS or full metagenomic analysis |
Fungal fragments | Non-gonomorphic particles (Halogen immunoassay) |
Mycotoxins | ELISA LC–MS (indirect assessment by analyzing settle dust) Biomonitoring |