Fig. 3

Epinephrine plasma concentrations stratified by injection type and location for low, moderate, and high STMD. Mean epinephrine plasma concentrations in participants with (a) low (< 15 mm), (b) moderate (15–20 mm), and (c) high (> 20 mm) STMD after different administration methods of epinephrine. The low-STMD group did not receive epinephrine administration via EpiPen at the distal-AL thigh because of safety considerations. Error bars are the standard error of the mean. AL anterolateral, EpiPen EpiPen Auto-Injector, IM intramuscular, STMD skin-to-muscle distance