Fig. 2

Epinephrine plasma concentrations stratified by STMD group for different injection types and locations. Mean epinephrine plasma concentrations in participants with low (< 15 mm), moderate (15–20 mm), and high (> 20 mm) STMD after epinephrine administration with (a) EpiPen at the mid-AL thigh, (b) IM syringe at the mid-AL thigh, or (c) EpiPen at the distal-AL thigh. The low-STMD group did not receive epinephrine administration via EpiPen at the distal-AL thigh because of safety considerations. Error bars are the standard error of the mean. AL anterolateral, EpiPen EpiPen Auto-Injector, IM intramuscular, STMD skin-to-muscle distance