Body system | Reference number | Type of report | Key content |
---|---|---|---|
Respiratory | [11] | Prospective study | Pulmonary function tests revealed that 22/26 of CSU patients had asthma or abnormal bronchial reactivity |
[12] | Prospective study | Bronchial hyperreactivity was present in 13/30 of cholinergic urticaria patients which was higher than CSU patients and healthy controls | |
[13] | Prospective study | Dermographism patients exhibited increase in airway resistance and a decrease in specific airway conductance | |
[10] | Case report | Authors reported two CU patients in whom urticaria onset was associated with the simultaneous appearance of asthmatic symptoms | |
Gastrointestinal system | [14] | Prospective study | Forty-four percent of 330 CU patients described abdominal problems mainly gastritis |
[16] | Prospective study | After duodenal histamine challenge, 5 of 7 CU patients showed systemic symptoms including diarrhoea and in 6 of 7 histopathological examination revealed ultrastructural changes in the duodenal tissue | |
[17] | Prospective study | Mast cell numbers were significantly increased in the stomach and duodenum of CU patients even if they did not have GIS symptoms | |
[21] | Prospective study | Gastroduodenal and intestinal permeability were significantly increased in patients with CU | |
[22] | Case report | A patient with cholinergic urticaria and erythematous pangastritis, whose severe dyspeptic complaints did not resolve with proton pump inhibitors but did with omalizumab | |
[23] | Case report | Transient hepatocellular injury including elevation of liver enzymes and hepatosplenomegaly during cholinergic urticaria attacks | |
Cardiovascular system | [39] | Prospective study | Hypertension is associated with extended duration of CIU |
[38] | Retrospective study | CIU patients had a 1.37-fold greater risk of developing hypertension than the non-CIU cohort | |
Case report | The authors described Kounis syndrome resulting from acute urticaria, chronic urticaria, autoimmune urticaria and cold urticaria | ||
Central nervous system | [42] | Prospective study | By using multiple-modality brain imaging tools, the authors demonstrated dysfunction of the striatum in CSU patients |
[43] | Prospective study | Authors demonstrated the altered cerebellar activity and cerebellum-reward-sensorimotor loops in CSU | |
[40] | Case report | Authors described a patient with cholinergic urticaria associated with epileptic seizures and abnormalities on the encephalogram | |
[41] | Case report | Authors reported a patient with an unusual form of migraine with urticarial lesions appearing at the end of each migraine attack | |
Musculoskeletal system | [47] | Retrospective study | 1035 (8.7%) patients with CU were diagnosed with osteoporosis compared with 4046 (6.8%) controls. The adjusted multivariate analysis demonstrated that CU was significantly associated with a higher risk for osteoporosis (HR = 1.23, 95% CI 1.10–1.37, P < 0.001) |
[44] | Case series | Authors reported four cases with urticaria, angioedema, articular manifestations and HLA-B51 positivity | |
[45] | Case series | Authors described 9 patients with angioedema, hives and arthritis which they referred as AHA syndrome | |
[46] | Case report | Authors described a patient whose CU was associated with autoimmune thyroid disease and both CU and arthralgia responded to treatment with l-thyroxine |