Table 3 Prevalence of self-reported symptoms for different foods, according to sex and age distribution (%)
Food | Total (95% CI) | Men | Women | p value | Age | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
17–30 | 31–45 | 46–60 | > 60 | p test for trends | |||||
Any of the below | 32.5 (29.6–35.4) | 24.7 | 39.1 | < 0.001 | 38.6 | 40.6 | 36.9 | 19.1 | < 0.001 |
Additives | 0.4 (0.0–0.8) | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.128 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 0.373 |
Almond | 3.7 (2.5–4.8) | 2.1 | 5.1 | 0.013 | 4.1 | 6.3 | 4.2 | 0.9 | 0.007 |
Anise/caraway | 0.2 (–0.1–0.5) | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.502 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.691 |
Apple | 8.4 (6.7–10.1) | 6.3 | 10.3 | 0.024 | 11.8 | 12.6 | 9.1 | 3.0 | < 0.001 |
Apricot | 1.7 (0.9–2.5) | 1.5 | 2.0 | 0.637 | 1.4 | 2.7 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 0.443 |
Avocado | 0.8 (0.2–1.3) | 0.8 | 0.7 | 1.000 | 0.7 | 1.6 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.139 |
Banana | 1.3 (0.6–2.0) | 0.8 | 1.8 | 0.280 | 1.4 | 2.7 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 0.066 |
Bean | 1.8 (1.0–2.6) | 0.8 | 2.7 | 0.035 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.6 | 0.9 | 0.372 |
Beef | 0.4 (0.0–0.8) | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.629 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 0.693 |
Brazil nut | 4.2 (3.0–5.4) | 2.9 | 5.3 | 0.085 | 4.1 | 6.0 | 5.6 | 1.5 | 0.053 |
Camomile | 0.6 (0.1–1.0) | 0.2 | 0.9 | 0.226 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.061 |
Carrot | 3.1 (2.0–4.1) | 2.1 | 3.9 | 0.105 | 3.4 | 6.3 | 2.9 | 0.6 | 0.003 |
Cayenne/red pepper | 1.6 (0.9–2.4) | 1.5 | 1.8 | 0.808 | 0.7 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 1.2 | 0.899 |
Cheese | 1.8 (1.0–2.6) | 2.7 | 1.1 | 0.062 | 2.8 | 1.2 | 2.6 | 1.2 | 0.484 |
Cheesea | 0.8 (0.0–0.0) | 1.5 | 0.2 | 0.027 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 0.893 |
Chestnut | 0.5 (0.1–0.9) | 0.4 | 0.5 | 1.000 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.088 |
Chicken | 0.1 (− 0.1–0.3) | 0.0 | 0.2 | 1.000 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.845 |
Celery | 0.3 (0.0–0.6) | 0.2 | 0.4 | 1.000 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.186 |
Cherry | 3.1 (2.0–4.1) | 2.9 | 3.2 | 0.858 | 3.4 | 5.5 | 3.3 | 0.9 | 0.013 |
Chili/tabasco | 2.2 (1.3–3.1) | 1.3 | 3.0 | 0.058 | 1.4 | 2.8 | 3.2 | 1.2 | 0.652 |
Chocolate | 1.6 (0.9–2.4) | 1.3 | 2.0 | 0.465 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 0.718 |
Coriander | 0.1 (− 0.1–0.3) | 0.0 | 0.2 | 1.000 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.842 |
Curry | 1.0 (0.4–1.6) | 0.8 | 1.1 | 0.760 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 1.6 | 0.6 | 0.976 |
Dried fruit | 0.3 (0.0–0.6) | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.254 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.834 |
Egg | 1.3 (0.6–2.0) | 0.6 | 2.0 | 0.102 | 2.1 | 1.6 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 0.422 |
Fish | 0.3 (0.0–0.6) | 0.2 | 0.4 | 1.000 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.833 |
Flour (non wheat) | 0.7 (0.2–1.2) | 0.4 | 0.9 | 0.461 | 3.4 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.002 |
Flour (non wheat)b | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.0 | 0.0 | – | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | – |
Flour (wheat) | 1.6 (0.9–2.4) | 1.0 | 2.1 | 0.221 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 0.9 | 0.287 |
Flour (wheat)b | 0.1 (− 0.1–0.3) | 0.0 | 0.2 | 1.000 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.847 |
Fried/fat food | 3.7 (2.5–4.8) | 1.7 | 5.4 | 0.001 | 6.2 | 3.5 | 4.2 | 2.2 | 0.060 |
Hazelnut | 8.9 (7.1–10.6) | 6.7 | 10.8 | 0.280 | 6.9 | 12.3 | 11.0 | 5.1 | 0.109 |
Kiwi | 7.3 (5.7–8.8) | 2.9 | 11.0 | < 0.001 | 10.5 | 11.0 | 6.9 | 3.3 | < 0.001 |
Lingonberry | 0.1 (− 0.1–0.3) | 0.0 | 0.2 | 1.000 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.245 |
Melon | 0.4 (0.0–0.8) | 0.4 | 0.4 | 1.000 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.126 |
Milk | 7.4 (5.8–9.0) | 4.8 | 9.6 | 0.004 | 11.7 | 9.8 | 9.5 | 1.5 | < 0.001 |
Milka | 1.1 (0.4–1.7) | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.000 | 3.5 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.050 |
Nectarine | 2.4 (1.5–3.3) | 1.3 | 3.4 | 0.026 | 1.4 | 5.1 | 2.9 | 0.3 | 0.034 |
Others | 3.6 (2.5–4.8) | 2.5 | 4.6 | 0.071 | 2.7 | 5.9 | 3.2 | 2.7 | 0.328 |
Orange | 2.9 (1.9–3.9) | 1.0 | 4.5 | 0.001 | 1.4 | 2.1 | 3.6 | 1.2 | 0.224 |
Parsley | 0.3 (0.0–0.6) | 0.2 | 0.4 | 1.000 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.060 |
Pea | 0.7 (0.2–1.2) | 0.2 | 1.1 | 0.132 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.098 |
Peach | 3.2 (2.1–4.3) | 2.9 | 3.4 | 0.725 | 4.2 | 5.5 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 0.036 |
Peanut | 3.5 (2.4–4.6) | 1.9 | 4.9 | 0.01 | 6.2 | 2.0 | 4.9 | 2.1 | 0.167 |
Pear | 4.0 (2.8–5.2) | 3.3 | 4.7 | 0.344 | 6.2 | 5.1 | 4.2 | 2.1 | 0.021 |
Plum | 3.0 (2.0–4.0) | 3.6 | 2.5 | 0.363 | 4.2 | 4.7 | 2.6 | 1.5 | 0.026 |
Poppy seed | 0.1 (− 0.1–0.3) | 0.0 | 0.2 | 1.000 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.445 |
Pork | 0.6 (0.1–1.0) | 0.0 | 1.1 | 0.034 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.274 |
Potato | 1.6 (0.9–2.4) | 1.0 | 2.1 | 0.221 | 2.1 | 3.9 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 0.003 |
Red meat | 0.9 (0.3–1.4) | 0.2 | 1.4 | 0.043 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 0.488 |
Salami | 0.5 (0.1–0.9) | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.380 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.680 |
Sesame seed | 0.1 (− 0.1–0.3) | 0.0 | 0.2 | 1.000 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.246 |
Shellfish | 3.5 (2.4–4.6) | 2.5 | 4.3 | 0.127 | 2.1 | 4.3 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 0.789 |
Sour milk/yogurt | 3.6 (2.4–4.7) | 2.5 | 4.5 | 0.095 | 6.9 | 5.5 | 3.6 | 0.6 | < 0.001 |
Sour milk/yogurta | 0.6 (0.1–1.1) | 0.6 | 0.5 | 1.000 | 2.1 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.059 |
Soy | 0.3 (0.0–0.6) | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.254 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.183 |
Strawberry | 2.7 (1.7–3.7) | 1.0 | 4.1 | 0.003 | 2.1 | 4.7 | 3.2 | 0.9 | 0.091 |
Sunflower seed | 0.1 (− 0.1–0.3) | 0.0 | 0.2 | 1.000 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.843 |
Sweet pepper | 2.1 (1.2–3.0) | 0.6 | 3.4 | 0.002 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 3.2 | 0.9 | 0.363 |
Tomato | 2.1 (1.2–3.0) | 0.6 | 3.4 | 0.002 | 4.8 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 0.0 | 0.001 |
Walnut | 4.9 (3.5–6.2) | 3.8 | 5.8 | 0.147 | 6.3 | 6.7 | 5.2 | 2.4 | 0.020 |
Wine/beer | 4.6 (3.4–5.9) | 3.1 | 5.9 | 0.037 | 4.8 | 7.1 | 5.2 | 2.1 | 0.034 |