Table 2 Characteristics of exposure of the individuals with asthma (mild to moderate and severe) studied
Characteristics | Smokers (n = 78) | Household air pollution (n = 358) | Double exposure (n = 155) | No exposure (n = 405) | P § |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
Current smokers | 13 (16.7)a.b.c | – | 08 (5.2)f | – | < 0.001 |
Former smokers | 65 (83.3)a.b.c | – | 147 (94.8)f | – | < 0.001 |
Second hand tobacco exposure | 24 (30.8)b | 61 (17.0) | 37 (23.9) | 87 (21.5) | 0.033 |
Domestic exposure to cigarette smoke | 12 (15.4) | 30 (8.4)d | 26 (16.8) | 44 (10.9) | 0.029 |
Domestic exposure to cigarette smoke over last 24 h | 06 (7.7) | 11 (3.1)d.e | 18 (11.6)f | 26 (6.4) | 0.003 |
Occupational exposure to cigarette smoke | 14 (17.9)b | 34 (9.5) | 16 (10.3) | 50 (12.3) | 0.164 |
Occupational exposure to cigarette smoke over last 24 h | 07 (9.0) | 17 (4.7) | 07 (4.5) | 17 (4.2) | 0.347 |
Cigarette smoke exposure over last 24 h | 36 (46.2)a.b | 105 (29.3)d | 59 (38.1) | 128 (31.6) | 0.016 |
Urinary cotinine/creatinine ≥ 196.98 μg/g | 06 (7.7)a.b | 07 (2.0)d | 18 (11.6)f | 08 (2.0) | < 0.001 |
Present exposure to wood combustion smoke | – | 06 (1.7)e | – | – | 0.013 |