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Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics of the individuals with asthma (mild to moderate and severe) studied

From: Dual exposure to smoking and household air pollution is associated with an increased risk of severe asthma in adults in Brazil

Characteristics

Smokers (n = 78)

Household pollution (n = 358)

Double exposure (n = 155)

No exposure (n = 405)

P§

Sex n (%)

 Female

49 (62.8)a.b

310 (86.6)d.e

115 (74.2)

321 (79.3)

< 0.001

 Male

29 (37.2)

48 (13.4)

40 (25.8)

84 (20.7)

 

Average age (years ± SD)

43 ± 14a.b.c

50 ± 14d.e

54 ± 12f

38 ± 14

< 0.001

Family income (BRL) M (P25–75)

1000 (724–1800.)b.c

800 (682– 1400)e

724 (678–1300)f

1100 (786–1800)

< 0.001

Marital status

 Single

44 (56.4)b

136 (38.0)e

66 (42.6)f

205 (50.6)

0.002

 Married

19 (24.4)

115 (32.1)

38 (24.5)

109 (26.9)

 

 Other

15 (19.2)

107 (29.9)

51 (32.9)

91 (22.5)

 

Self-referred skin colour

 Mulatto

38 (48.7)

181 (50.6)

91 (58.7)f

185 (45.7)

0.150

 Black

30 (38.5)

145 (40.5)

53 (34.2)

182 (44.9)

 

 Other

10 (12.8)

32 (8.9)

11 (7.1)

38 (9.4)

 

Educational level

 None

01 (1.3)b.c

23 (6.4)d.e

13 (8.4)f

03 (0.7)

< 0.001

 Primary

06 (7.7)

70 (19.6)

55 (35.5)

21 (5.2)

 

 2nd grade

13 (16.7)

90 (25.1)

42 (27.1)

47 (11.6)

 

 High school

40 (51.3)

148 (41.3)

40 (25.8)

219 (54.1)

 

 University or higher

18 (23.1)

27 (7.5)

05 (3.2)

114 (28.1)

 

 No information

01 (0.2)

 

Has lived in rural area

18 (23.1)b.c

212 (59.2)e

94 (60.6)f

106 (26.2)

< 0.001

Years in rural areas M(P25–75)

12 (5–19)

14 (10–18)e

16 (11–20)f

12 (7–17)

0.003

  1. M(P25–75): Median (Percentile 25–75), BRL Brazilian Reais
  2. aP ≤ 0.05 smokers versus unexposed
  3. bP ≤ 0.05 smokers versus domestic exposure
  4. cP ≤ 0.05 smokers versus double exposure
  5. dP ≤ 0.05 domestic exposure versus double exposure
  6. eP ≤ 0.05 domestic exposure versus no exposure
  7. fP ≤ 0.05 double exposure versus no exposure
  8. Others—stable union; divorced/separated; widowed
  9. Others—White. Native American or Oriental
  10. §P value for 4-group comparisons