Table 3 Clinical features, diagnosis and treatments of atopic dermatitis for small animals

Age

Commonly 6 months to 3 years

[41]

Commonly < 3 years

[31, 32]

Clinical symptoms

Pruritus

Eosinophilic granuloma complex (indolent eosinophilic ulcer, eosinophilic granulomas, eosinophilic plaques)

[32, 46, 47]

Inflammation (Erythema, self-induced alopecia, excoriation) secondary infection

[41, 42]

Head and neck pruritus

Miliary dermatitis

Self-induced alopecia

Affected body part

Ear pinnae, axillae, ventral abdomen, extremities, paws, inguinal, lips, perianal region

[42, 43]

Head, mouth, neck, abdomen, trunk

Diagnosis

Exclusion diagnosis (rule out differential diagnosis, compatible history and clinical signs

Exclusion diagnosis (rule out differential diagnosis, compatible history and clinical signs

Therapy

Allergen contact avoidance

[71]

Allergen contact avoidance

Specific targeted: Allergen-specific immunotherapy

[70, 72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79, 81, 82]

Specific targeted: Allergen specific immunotherapy

[33]

Untargeted, symptomatic:

Untargeted, symptomatic:

 Glucocorticoids

[85]

 Glucocorticoids

 Ciclosporin

[86, 87, 89]

 Ciclosporin

[88, 90, 91]

 Oclacitinib

[92,93,94,95]

 Oclacitinib

[96]

 Lokivetmab

[83, 84]

 Antihistamines

[97,98,99,100, 103,104,105]

 Antihistamines

[33, 106]

Topical:

Topical:

 Shampoos

[113, 114]

[110]

 Hydrocortisone-aceponate

[108, 109]

 Hydrocortisone-aceponate

 Tacrolimus

[111, 112]

Supportive dietary interventions

Essential fatty acids

[116,117,118,119]

Essential fatty acids

[115]

Probiotics

[124, 125]

Cholecalciferol

[129]