Table 2 General characteristics of the study population (based on individuals with complete data on dietary exposures and asthma score)
Variables | Countries | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Denmark | Finland | Sweden | United Kingdom | Germany | The Netherlands | |
Odense (359) | Helsinki (160) | Total (1261) | Total (173) | Total (376) | Amsterdam (215) | |
Age, years; mean (SD) | 48.1 (14.5) | 46.8 (15.1) | 45.7 (15.1) | 51.6 (13.2) | 48.8 (15.6) | 52.6 (13.9) |
Males, n (%) | 162 (45.1) | 62 (38.8) | 556 (44.1) | 70 (40.5) | 152 (403) | 111 (51.6) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 27.4 (14.8) | 26.5 (4.6) | 25.9 (7.2) | 27.1 (5.6) | 26.3 (4.8) | 25.7 (3.7) |
Age at completing full-time education; years (SD) | 23.4 (5.5) | 23.5 (5.5) | 24.5 (7.7) | 18.1 (3.6) | 20.6 (5.2) | 20.2 (4.6) |
Employment status | ||||||
Employed | 188 (52.7) | 94 (58.9) | 737 (58.5) | 85 (49.7) | 196 (52.0) | 103 (47.9) |
Retired | 82 (23.0) | 32 (20.0) | 199 (15.8) | 39 (22.8) | 88 (23.3) | 56 (21.1) |
Unemployed | 11 (3.1) | 3 (1.9) | 38 (3.0) | 4 (2.3) | 12 (3.2) | 5 (2.3) |
Other | 76 (21.5) | 31 (19.4) | 286 (22.7) | 43 (25.1) | 81 (21.5) | 51 (23.7) |
Smoking | ||||||
Never smokers | 155 (43.4) | 83 (51.9) | 672 (53.3) | 77 (44.5) | 183 (48.4) | 84 (39.1) |
Ex-smokers | 102 (28.6) | 37 (23.1) | 428 (33.9) | 70 (40.5) | 131 (34.7) | 88 (40.9) |
Current smokers | 100 (28.0) | 40 (25.0) | 162 (12.8) | 26 (15.0) | 64 (16.9) | 43 (20.0) |
Asthma score; N (%) | ||||||
0 | 145 (40.4) | 96 (59.6) | 583 (46.2) | 66 (38.2) | 161 (42.6) | 100 (41.0) |
1 | 85 (23.7) | 31 (19.3) | 276 (21.9) | 37 (21.4) | 107 (28.3) | 40 (18.6) |
2 | 50 (13.9) | 15 (9.3) | 195 (15.5) | 22 (12.7) | 47 (12.4) | 37 (17.2) |
3 | 47 (13.1) | 10 (6.2) | 114 (9.0) | 17 (11.5) | 35 (9.3) | 23 (10.7) |
4 | 24 (6.7) | 7 (4.4) | 61 (4.8) | 26 (15.0) | 16 (4.2) | 12 (5.6) |
5 | 8 (2.2) | 2 (1.2) | 33 (2.6) | 5 (2.9) | 12 (3.2) | 3 (1.4) |
Chronic rhino-sinusitis; n (%) | 63 (17.6) | 29 (17.8) | 234 (18.3) | 22 (12.6) | 62 (16.2) | 52 (23.9) |
Asthma ever (n; %) | 115 (32.0) | 44 (27.0) | 510 (39.8) | 80 (45.7) | 83 (21.7) | 44 (20.2) |
CRS only (n; %) | 42 (11.7) | 17 (10.4) | 102 (8.0) | 10 (5.7) | 38 (9.9) | 40 (18.4) |
Both asthma ever and CRS (n; %) | 21 (5.9) | 12 (7.4) | 132 (10.3) | 12 (6.9) | 23 (6.0) | 12 (5.5) |
Total Energy Intake (TEI) | 2577 (761) | 3197 (1140) | 3110 (978) | 2833 (889.6) | 2821 (1049) | 2817 (827) |
Use of nutritional supplements, n (%) | 143 (40.4) | 70 (43.5) | 325 (26.0) | 58 (33.7) | 102 (27.1) | 88 (41.0) |
% people eating fruits (all types) ≥5 times/week | 202 (56.4) | 93 (57.1) | 717 (56.0) | 101 (57.7) | 213 (55.8) | 114 (52.3) |
% people eating total vegetables (all types) ≥5 times/week | 224 (62.4) | 128 (78.5) | 906 (70.7) | 92 (52.6) | 194 (50.7) | 78 (35.8) |
Variables | Countries | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Portugal | Belgium | Poland | Total | |
Coimbra (266) | Ghent (148) | Total (244) | 3202 | |
Age, years; mean (SD) | 47.1 (15.0) | 45.7 (15.1) | 49.7 (15.7) | 47.6 (15.1) |
Males, n (%) | 93 (35.0) | 71 (48.0) | 104 (42.6) | 1381 (43.1) |
BMI, kg/m2 (SD) | 25.9 (5.1) | 24.9 (4.4) | 27.4 (5.2) | 26.3 (5.2) |
Age at completing full-time education; years (SD) | 20.1 (4.6) | 20.6 (6.6) | 20.4 (3.4) | 22.4 (6.6) |
Employment status | ||||
Employed | 140 (52.6) | 75 (51.0) | 89 (38.0) | 1707 (53.6) |
Retired | 56 (26.5) | 26 (17.7) | 86 (36.8) | 664 (20.8) |
Unemployed | 11 (4.1) | 3 (2.0) | 12 (5.1) | 99 (3.1) |
Other | 59 (22.2) | 30 (22.4) | 47 (20.0) | 717 (22.5) |
Smoking | ||||
Never smokers | 172 (64.7) | 75 (50.7) | 111 (45.7) | 1612 (50.4) |
Ex-smokers | 56 (21.1) | 45 (30.4) | 78 (32.1) | 1035 (32.2) |
Current smokers | 38 (14.3) | 28 (18.9) | 54 (22.2) | 555 (17.3) |
Asthma score | ||||
0 | 109 (41.0) | 57 (38.5) | 78 (32.0) | 1395 (43.5) |
1 | 49 (18.4) | 34 (23.0) | 73 (29.9) | 732 (22.8) |
2 | 41 (15.4) | 22 (14.9) | 34 (13.9) | 463 (14.4) |
3 | 27 (910.2) | 17 (11.5) | 28 (11.5) | 318 (9.9) |
4 | 23 (8.7) | 12 (8.1) | 17 (7.0) | 198 (6.2) |
5 | 17 (6.4) | 6 (4.1) | 14 (5.7) | 100 (3.1) |
Chronic rhino-sinusitis; n (%) | 78 (29.2) | 43 (29.1) | 50 (20.2) | 633 (19.5) |
Asthma ever (n; %) | 59 (22.1) | 23 (15.5) | 37 (15.0) | 995 (30.7) |
CRS only (n; %) | 44 (16.5) | 28 (18.9) | 39 (15.8) | 360 (11.1) |
Both asthma ever and CRS (n; %) | 34 (12.7) | 15 (10.1) | 11 (4.5) | 272 (8.4) |
Total Energy Intake (TEI); mean (SD) | 3195 (1296) | 2937 (885) | 3211 (1661) | 2993 (1072) |
Use of nutritional supplements, n (%) | 16 (6.0) | 50 (33.8) | 53 (22.0) | 905 (28.4) |
% people eating fruits (all types) ≥5 times/week | 189 (70.8) | 80 (54.1) | 158 (64.0) | 1867 (57.6) |
% people eating total vegetables (all types) ≥5 times/week | 206 (77.2) | 77 (52.0) | 182 (73.7) | 2087 (64.4) |