Incidence and risk factors for food hypersensitivity in UK infants: results from a birth cohort study

Table 4 Univariate and multivariable analyses for infants with food hypersensitivity, IgE-mediated food allergy and non-IgE-mediated hypersensitivity

	All infants will food hypersensitivity (n = 41) compared to control infants
	Univariate		Multivariable*
	Odds ratio (95 % CI)	p value	Odds ratio (95 % CI)	p value
Wheeze, (at initial assessment)	2.120 (0.940–4.782)	0.092	20.591 (1.465–289.341)	0.025
Maternal atopy	5.192 (1.683–16.017)	0.002	87.479 (1.021–7498.366)	0.049
Gestation, weeks	0.756 (0.585–0.978)	0.033	0.171 (0.045–0.642)	0.009
Age at first solids, weeks	0.920 (0.830–0.998)	0.044	0.506 (0.282–0.908)	0.022
Mean infant healthy eating dietary pattern score, arbitrary units	0.365 (0.229–0.583)	0.002	0.155 (0.028–0.868)	0.034

	IgE-mediated (n = 21) compared to control infants				Non-IgE-mediated (n = 20) compared to control infants
	Univariate		Multivariable**		Univariate		Multivariable**
	Odds ratio	p	Odds ratio	p	Odds ratio	p	Odds ratio	p
Eczema (at initial assessment)	17.83* (2.89–∞)	<0.001	18.67**** (1.03–338.41)	0.048
Rhinitis (at initial assessment)	3.94 (1.31–11.83)	0.023	4.80**** (1.19–19.36)	0.027	2.96 (0.92–9.52)	0.087
Maternal atopy	11.54 (1.47–90.35)	0.003
Vitamin D supplement during pregnancy	8.68*** (0.66–∞)	0.097
Age at first egg from any source, months	1.05 (1.00–1.11)	0.026	Not included in analysis as likely reverse causality
Dog in the home	3.24 (1.00–10.48)	0.076			4.37 (1.38–13.80)	0.015	19.49 (1.17–325.93)	0.039
Wheeze associated with upper respiratory tract	2.84 (1.01–7.98)	0.052
Healthy eating dietary pattern score, arbitrary units	0.36 (0.20–0.66)	0.001	0.32**** (0.16–0.66)	0.012	0.34 (0.19–0.62)	<0.001	0.28 (0.09–0.87)	0.028
Maternal age, years					0.87 (0.78–0.99)	0.037
Paternal age, years					0.893 (0.803–0.992)	0.035
Maternal food hypersensitivity					2.790 (0.994–7.831)	0.055
Other household smoking					5.133 (1.32–19.95)	0.023
Consumed probiotics whilst breastfeeding					3.31 (1.13–9.75)	0.084	45.41 (3.41–604.67)	0.004
Age at first solid, months					0.84 (0.73–0.97)	0.021	0.60 (0.40–0.89)	0.011
Milk overlap, months					0.94 (0.88–1.00)	0.037
Received anti-reflux medication					3.312 (1.13–9.75)	0.030	Not included in analysis as likely reverse causality

Adjusted and unadjusted odds ratios (95 % confidence intervals (CI) and p values) are presented for all factors significant in the multivariate model
* Factors associated with hypersensitivity at a p value <0.1 were entered into a multivariable analysis using SPSS. A stepwise backwards selection process was used
** For multivariable analysis p values are only given for those variables included in the final model
*** Exact logistic regression model used to estimate parameters
**** Firthlogit approach to fit a logistic model by penalized maximum likelihood regression (accessed via STATA)

ISSN: 2045-7022