Table 5 Overview of results from studies of airborne dust, endotoxin, (1 → 3)-β-d-glucan and allergen levels within farm workplaces. Personal exposure levels from the inhalable and/or total fraction are summarized except when indicated
From: Respiratory diseases and allergy in farmers working with livestock: a EAACI position paper
Environment | Dust (EU m−3) | Endotoxin (EU m−3) | (1 → 3)-β-d-glucan (ng m−3) | Allergens (U m−3) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Range of means (individual concentrations) | References | Range of means (individual concentrations) | Analytical method | References | Range of means (individual concentrations) | Analytical method | References | Agent | Range of means (individual concentrations) | Analytical method | References | |
Livestock farming | ||||||||||||
Pig farming | 0.83–5 (< LOD–76.7) | 400–3400 (< LOD–374,000) | KC/T-LAL, rFC | 223 (6–5208) | Glucatell (Factor G LAL) | [157] |  |  |  |  | ||
|  |  |  |  |  | NR (33–410) | SI-EIA | [158] |  |  |  |  | |
|  |  |  |  |  | NR (18–96) | Glucatell (Factor G LAL) | [158] |  |  |  |  | |
 Dairy farming | 0.6–2.4 (< LOD-9.8) | 220–1570 (< LOD–8290) | KC/T-LAL, rFC | 10,300 (150–232,000) | SI-EIA | [135] | Bovine allergen | 1.39 (0.1–46.8) | ELISA | [114] | ||
 Poultry farming, non-specific | 6.5–7.0 (0.02–81.3) | 2576 (190–16,348) | KC/T-LAL | [156] | NR (13–5000) | Glucatell (Factor G LAL) | [158] |  |  |  |  | |
|  |  |  |  |  | NR (2–972) | SI-EIA | [158] |  |  |  |  | |
 Poultry farming, layers | 2.4–9.6 (1.6–14) | 694–7517 (1162–19,745) | KC/T-LAL, rFC |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ||
Poultry farming, broilers | 2.2–11.2 (4–4.4) | 596–9609 (61–8120) | KC/T-LAL |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | ||
 Mink farming | 1.3 (0.5–2.3) | [129] | 214 (93–1050) | KC/T-LAL | [129] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |
 Mixed livestock production farming | 0.54–1.9 (0.4–8.9) | 448 (< LOD-2910) | KC/T-LAL | [129] |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
 Horse keeping/farming | 1.4 (0.2–9.5) | [116] | 742 (92–9846) | KC/T-LAL | [116] | 9500 (< LOD–631,000) | SI-EIA | [116] | Horse allergen | ELISA | 438–4300 (286–6272)*# | |